(Symbolique et onomastique des personnages dans le roman: «Jar u Jar» de Muhamed Bouzaggou)

Yura t: Lyamani KASSOUH

1- Asiz war n ungal:

izwl (titre) n ungal a netta: «JAR U JAR». Yus id zeg tamzzult n «TRIFAGRAPH» di Abarkan, deg usewggûs n: 2004. issizwar as s tfransist «Racid ARAXA».

ungal a yura s isklan ilatinen, u dages 80 n tudmawin zi tefray timzvyanin (12.5/19.5).

Amarir n ungal netta d: Muhammed Buzaggu ig iruran (ilulan) «di dar lkebdani» di ayt soid, Nnadur. Igga attvas n tizemmar deg igar n tasekla n tamazigt, iwwedv ad yari sin (2) n ungalen¹ d yan n tullizin tiqudvadvin², d ict n tamezgunt…

«jar u jar» d ij ungal ig yura umarir Muhammed Buzaggu s ca n tira izdigent u cnant, awaren n tmazigt yenzan s awaren zzays iwdvan di Arif, u tarin zzages imariren, awaren n tira yudsen ar usefru. D min iqnen ghar umezruy d tusna n waydud. U manaya is mara blli amarir Muhammed Bouzaggu issij x iseqsan d imunas d isental it nyuddun, itazren (se propager) deg igar n ungal di ddunit d lmerruk iksi jar tittvawin ines amnus n ca igezdisen zeg tamagit ira yeqqimen attvas x tama. Xezzaren gare s s rxezrat taneqsit/ taqudvat, yemsar as asinef d usveoqar.

Ungal a yessawal x timetti, d tudart n waydud d ifeqqusen it iddar, d igiten iqnen ghar tudart n yewdan deg idva, idva zages it ssenta ungal: «Rexxu, ussan sqaren…»³ u zzayes i ttnfarar: «…maca rexxu»⁴.

Yessawar ungal x yan n unemgur itwasnen s «Mudrus”. mudrus netta d ij uhudri umi yemmut bab as deg tazanezt n usnekkar n tazebut tarbabt tagrawlit, awmi ifsa umsawar jar igrawliyen/ immegzalen d uhewwas afransis deg usewggûs n 1926.

targazt n imawlan d imiriwn d imgaren tedwer d walu, tedwln d cmayt d imurdvas d imkurras d imennuray di tittvawin n yeqrinen n Mudrus d wattas n imezdag n dcar, u zzay sen ihudriyen ixezzaren s ugezdis/ s wezgen n tittv di Mudrus, s minzi ur ssinen amezruy nsen s tidett, s uyenni sseoqaren imgaren d yargazen ig yeggin amezruy. Su ya imarz «Amarzag» i Muh ameqran, u wtin as iociren ines di tcarift u gsin ag i des di tadahhact⁵.

Ddeqa n addadn d tikliyin; immarnin s usegdi n yemmas n Mudrus, d umedduker n bab as: “zzufri″, d umurdves n hmitu d hmmu deg ayel u netnin razzun ad zvwan ajemmadvin i waman ghar yrumiyen; wwin t u jjin t Mudrus itaka (itaca) s uwezwez d unezbar di rajjagh n wur nnes. Maca asduri (couver) is igga bab as ameqran d yemm as tameqrant, d txusi nnes i wsetjji n tinfas d awaren istoawaden xmin imsaren di zic; yamu (participer à) deg usfukker (découvtir) x umsewdvi yedva x idvnnat.

idva itban blli araten/ isuta (génératins) ugjent x uzalen (les valeurs) i ten itqnen ag ucal n tmurt, razzun ad ddaren x tama wapa, rawgren a barra ghar miden mix uzren imgaren nsen idvnnat.

idva yedwer amgar iteggit rmexzen zeg iwdan i itwara gar sen timura, garvsen agra. Inni yuoran. Inni iqqaren wap war texsen hed ad asen yini upu. Inni i issaghen udmawen axmi ssaghen batvatva. inni iznuzan awar ssaghen asegdi.

war dji am attvas uya, rami tugha imezdagh tmunen tempawadhen jar asen, smunan awar nsen x wenni i ga yirin xaf sen. Amghar nsen teggent s ufus n sen…⁶

omar n omar (omar amezvyan) netta d amghar iggi t rmexzen bra ma ad yari ura ad ipwa, ur yewti s ufus ura s udvar. Di ukud mani ntaf imgharen d yargazen iwtin aqartvas mmurdvsen, twattun, twasinfen x tma , zzaysen wen u yufin xlli d ander jar inagan n rebbi (martyrs) u zzaysen wen ummi ur xes sriwren wami immut.

Min imsaren, bab as n Mudrus d Muh ameqran babas ameqran ijja yemmas tssula (ressembler) anigri nsen amacnaw: adqqis (tcumoet) iraqqen s ukemmudv mahend ad tssagh tfawt i hed nndvni, zdat ma ad itwandver min it giman zzages deg ufradv.

Waxxa Mudrus yucca s wezwis d tiqqest, maca radas nnes a Muh ameqran izzvu d ayes asitem deg imal:

“war teqnidv xa ad yas ij n ass war it ghimi manaya ad tecna tguri ad ac tecna tudart”⁷

amengal waxxa it oawad x iydva, itxes ad issen min imsarn deg umezruy, s uya iqqar x yers n Mudrus itemsawaren ag yemmas tameqrant:

- manaya snex t, siwer ayi x min iodun …

- min iodun awar xaf s d azirar.

- ura d idva awar xaf s d azirar…!⁸

da ntaf amarir ismmgnet (se rappeler) aqqan jar umezruy, d idva d imal, u dani ntaf iqqar ict n tidet izgur nnan tt imezrawiyen: “aydud umi iweddvar umezruy itweddvar as ura d imar”⁹.

S uya ad ikkar ad yarzu ad issen min imsarn, awarni tibratin n “zufri” id as d itawdven zi Fransa, u manaya indpvit huma ad issen tidet itwanghen imurdvsen deg iqemmumen n imezdagh. iwwit manaya ad iffegh zi tmurt ad irah ghar Fransa, ad isefarar tguri nnes. Maca mahend ad issen min yemsaren I bab as.

Irah Mudrus ghar Fransa, yewwedv ad imsagar ag ”zzufri” amedduker n babas, ig yufa ipruri yesraw di tassuyt gi “sbbitvar”, yeprec s reghrubiyyet d tmurt n midden ixemmer jar rehyudv ibarcanen… tubbarcent n rehbes mani yekka 20 n iseggusa wami xes hekmen ifransisen. U netta itusus s raggâj.

Amsagar jar zzufri d mudrus ijja ameggaru ya, itarra d u yesdwared cway zeg ixef nnes, iwwedv ad issen x yers n zzufri attvas n igezdisan zi tidet ira yennufan s uxareq i yewdan.

Amsagar ijja zzufri itarra d tizemmar d temzvi ghar ddat nnes ira iqarmen, u yejji t ad yini attvas n awaren n tidet ira war yessin Mudrus x babas d umeddukker nnes.

Azewl n ungal “JAR U JAR”, asentl ines ameqran i ssawaren x ca n igezdisen zi tudart n Mudrus, anemgur ameqran zeg inemguren n ungal; ig iddaren jar u jar, jar min itsra d min war izvri, jar tidet d uxarreq, jar babas aked war yimi d yemmas izvummen x wawar, jar tarja ines d timuc, jar tazzra d ubeddi, jar tarjijat n wur d upardef n tmijja, jar amughzer d umenghi, jar tudart d tamennawt, jar asd netta d zzufri… jar u jar i iyma Mudrus.

Ungal ur tsswda g war nnes ghir x tanemgurt n Mudrus, maca tessawar xlli x ca n tinemgurin nnedvnni ig itghima d ammegnt (présent) nnes deg aduf n ungal ghars (gures) araq imghar mahend ad yiri usijji x addaden (les attitudes) illan (ijjan) di timetti (société) i xef yessawar ungal.

It yuman (paraître) blli Muhammed Buzaggu ismutter (ismnudva) s tira n ungal u ghars afus d azirar deg igar a, waxxa amux nssen asenflul (création) n ungal dij n agg icqa u yeqseh bezzaf, maca yecna u iguda i wen ur yezmaren ad itbebba/ iksi awar di alta n “ttvabu”, u mchar yemghar u yiriw “ttvabu”… s uya tased tira n ungal n Muhemmed Buzaggu mahend ad tiri d ict n tagunit (occasion) tarzvem x reoyaret n temzvi d tasundva (sarcasme) d turda (doute) d timewda (paradoxes) n tudart d imacnawen d iseqsan issendafen, issekmdven. Akkaz (intuition) nnes yujar aghtas/ aghaws (décision), assinen yujar iml, asdduggem yujar assumeg.

Suya tased tadast a, Mahend ad neg ict n tazrawet i wsentl n usdduggem n izawalen d tecniyyat tinemgurin deg ungal “jar u jar”, u zdat ma ad nemmuti ad nessiwer x usentl a, ntseqsa: min ixes ad yini asddugem? Man asussen i ghas ghar izawalen d tecniyyat?

ur nezmar ad nuc yan usussen wapa i usddugem; acku din attvas n i ssussimen ig itwawcen zeg attvas n tadasin; imsar xasent ij n umezli imghar jar imesiggeln ig yufin ixef nsen arendad yan n tamukerist tameqran, s uya ntaf teggen aruggay jar asdduggem d tadugamt (signe)¹⁰.

Amya ntaf amawal itwasnen s: “le petit Robert” isussen asdduggem nigh akebab (symbole) blli d tadugamt n akaz (est un signe de reconnaissance) ad umsawadv jar sin iyedsen. U netta d tagensest (représentation) n ca nedvni ar itunza nigh arigwddel (chose d’abstrait ou d’absent)¹¹.

deg ughezdis nnidven, amawal «la rousse» isussen akebab s marra min ijja iddar nigh d rhajet ssawaren zzayes iwdan amacnaw: «rmizan» itenamak (signifier) taghedmt (la justice)¹² deg amawal «le Hachette», akebab ixes ad yini attvas n tidugamin nsseqdec (utiliser) zzagsent s umtawi mahend ad yemsar ict n tagensest tmun u temghar ugas rawgaj.¹³

S uya ntaf, blli din agnu (problème) huma an awedv ghar yej n usussen imun i asdduggema nigh akebab ad texsen marra imesiggeln irazzun di «lantrobologi» nigh di tasekla nigh di tiklisnt.

Nzemmar ad nini blli akebab netta d ca ixes ad yini nnedvni acku din tamaqqant (relation) jar asen. u netta d ict n tadugamt itwaggen s umtawi x unamek nnes jar bezzaf n yewdan.

Mara akebab/ asdduggem d ij iyigar imghar di tudart n ufeggan, u yezgur tutlayt d taghezvint, u d netta ismaran -amacna tisit- udmawen n tidet yujgen attvas.¹⁴

Akebab asussen ines itmewdva zeg uraq ghar uraq, zeg aydud ghar aydud, u huma ad nessen mlih min ixes ad yini akebab a nigh d win ixes ad nedwer ghar tusna n waydud mani itssims akebaba¹⁵. Amacnaw ini (couleur) acemrar ixesen ad isddugemen tazzdugi di ca n tmurt, maca isdduggem a ca nnedvni ghar ca n waydud nnedni.

Akebab d assinen izemmar ad yiri s tifrit (mot) n awal itwanna nigh yura, s umussu (movement) s tmaqqatc, nigh s ca nnedvni.

Di tadelsa (culture) tamazight ntaf din ammegnet (présence) imghar n ukebab/ asdduggem, deg ires, deg awal, deg usefru (deg izran) deg taserit (prose) di tarja di arudv di attvas ighezdvisan n tusna iqnen ar tughrma d ufeggan amazigh.¹⁶

Isem, izul, asemqar… netnin d ict n tadugamt (signe) d arra/ ineg (dessiner) d tattayt (caractéristique) tetwag u tetwawc i ca mahend ad zays itwassen, ad yiri d afeggan nigh d rmaragnaw nigh d ca nnedvni.

Asemqar netta d tadugamt tawaliwt (signe verbal) zayes itwassen unemgur u zages yetghlay (distinguer) x hed nnedden, mahend ur itmmerwas ag idsen.

Izul utarras netta d tameggit iness, itwassen zzays, qqarn asd zzays di twacunt nnes tamezvyant nigh di twacunt tameqrant deg aydud nigh deg talesa (humanité) u netta d tisit n tanemgurt¹⁷. Isem d tasghart d azref zi tseqqar n ufeggan mani ma deg umadval¹⁸. asemqar itmewda ghar sin: Asemqar n unemgur (nom personnel/ prénome) izi yet glay jar ayt twacunt ines, u d nettat iticcen i utarras xmi id iturar ghar tudart ad taf oad d isegmi.

Asemqar n twacunt (nom familial) zzays itmmerwas ag ayt twacunt ines.

Asemqar n unemgur nigh utarras d tanga talsasnet (Anthropologie) d timettisnt (sociologie) gars attvas n anamek izemmar ad aniwadem ghar negra/ nefra (comprendre) timetti mi xef n teg tarzzuyt¹⁹. asemqar n twacunt, attvas uya, ira itssims ghar teqbitc nigh ar dcar nigh ar temdint nigh ar uraq mani yurar utarras, nigh s ca n tufutin/ timiwar n ddat nigh itwassen zzaysent utarras. Suya ira isem unemgur nigh n twacunt, u xlli d tislfas/ tecniyyat s wadament an nessen attvas n inumak ur xaf sen asiwr s yires. Ira zemmar ad nessen izvewran n utarras d taqbitc d tameggit ines.

Tecniyyat nigh tislfas teggentent ihudriyen jar asen i wya d uya, x tmegga nsen, nigh x awar n sen. d tenni i zi ten traghan ura d iwdan imeqranen. Ddakkûrent d asmawen i kid sen id itasen²⁰.

Tecniyyat d isemqaren daysen u kessin asdduggem, s uya tased tarzuyt a i ga negg huma an nssagh cway n tfawt x usduggem n izawalen d tecniyyat n inemguren deg ungal “jar u jar”.

tacan (u kessin) imengalen s ij umnus d aglgul d ameqran, mahend ad farnen nig ad ucen isemqaren d ticniyyat I tnemgurin n ungal n sen²¹.

deg igara, ntaf ungal «jar u jar» tessegnet attas n izawalen d tislfas, i wwedv uttun n sen: 19, zag sent 10 n isemqaren (ismawen), 06 n iwtman, 04 n twetmin. u 11n ticniyyat, zzay sent ict n tewtemt, 10 n tislfas i nemguren d iwetman, sin (02) n tinemgurin mmesnayent s usemqar d taslfast: Muh ameqran d omar amezyan. (x zar tafelwit uttvun wis: 1 d 2).

Tafelwit uttun: 01.

Tafelwit uttun: 02

Tesmar ad tafelwit wis yan d sin, blli attvas n inemguren n ungal zi tazaka i wetvman 14, arendad 05 n tinemgurin tiwtmin. u tinemgurin a tsussnent a kradv (03) n araten; ara (asatu) n imawlan imeqranen, ara n ibabaten d tiyemmatin, d ara n tarwa d wayyawen. Isemqaren n ara wis yan qnen ar umezruy, u yuca sen amarir Muhammed Buzeggu isemqaren mmesnayen uttfen ar usemqar n Muhemed i yexsen ad yini amtukaday d tamayt deg sussem umawal id itawin ag usussen nsen deg ungal, amacnaw: Muh/ Muhamed ameqran, Mhemmed n Mhemmed, ssi Muhend. Yina marra, sdduggimen aumezruy n iqnen ghar wakud/ alta n taznezt n tabeddit (résistance) deg udem n uhewwas assbbanyu d ufransis.

Inemguren n ara wis sin, din immi yucca as amarir asemqar amacnaw: yemmas: Yamna isdduggemen tayemmat tamimunt, d traytmas tayemmat inuryen di memmis ica ayel, d omar n omar amezyan bab as n Timuc tameddukelt nnes isdduggemen ghar ca n yewdan ixsen ad awdven x uorur n miden d uswizi ag rmexzen.

S uya omar n omar gures agra issiwd it rmexzen ad yiri d amgar amen ur yigri, asemqar a it awid di ca n isemqaren n ca imgaren swizan ag usbbanyu di min iodun, uoad swizan ag rmexzen amegrabi, yina aqan udsen mani iddar u yezdeg amarir Buzeggu.

Abaran d taslfa it wawc ibabas n Mudrus minzi waxxa netta d amegnas igga targazt, maca ur tissin memmis ura d tarwa n dcar, s ixariqen ixes it wannan id wel d akerras, xlli d ander ines ur tissin hed. Amedduker nnes Zzufri yuc-as amarir ticnyyat tesdduggum x ara n yewdan irifiyyen iggin targazt mahend adeddaren di tmurt nsen oizzen s tirelli, maca ar unegar ufin ixef nsen di bara d imetlao s ususen arimet mahend ad segmen tamurt miden…

Inemguren n ara wis kradv, mara nejja traytmas d Timuc tameddukelt n Mudrus, ntaf marra isemqaren d ticniyyat (tislfas) I yucca Buzeggu I nemguren a urhrint; amacnaw: Amarzag “asemqar (isem) nnes Muhenned, minzi netta d amezwar n babas… ggin as amarzag ar ami tufin day s svrabet, war it sedhi, d axewwan, iccat iwdan s umezyan d umeqran, mani ma tega ca n tmegga war tehri iggit”, Cbareq “titvtvawin mgarent as deg agembub iccuren s inuqqab”²², Lgut mmis n umgar n dcar. Yena d ihudryen n dcar twaran mgar rirart, gar sen tudart am ij n uqetvtvus nrirart oemmares ad iqda. qao war ten icqi ca. war day sen amnus ura d afeqqus, tma n ubrid d unni d rmageh nsen. Tmunen din, smurdusen ussa nsen²³.

Hmitu d Hemu isemqaren n sin inemguren n ungal zi tarwa n dcar ig yawren zi tmurt nsen ar tamurt n midden, maca ur wwiden, zi tnicca ayel I ndarind abara. S uya, ina sdduggimen ar ihargen ig tlaoen/ ioarqen. Yucca sen amarir isemqaren a acku imenneoraq/ imetlao nesnin u twasnen, u aseoreq ur iqqim s tanufra. Maca isemqaren it wawcen I sin inemguren a twaskukhen, u manaya is mara neg addad (l’attitude) n umarir ijjan imeyagal (contre) ag u oraq/ utlao ig yegga hemu d hmitu.

Itghima Mudrus zeg inemguren n ara wis krad, netta di dva, unetta d imal… s tizmmar nnes tiqudvadin irazzu ad yessen, ad yeddar tidet… ad yili netta d asdduggem n umegnas it mussuyen gi ij n yegar iccur s isennanen d tiokraf d imxumbar.

Mudrus netta d tanemgurt tamenzawit deg ungal, gures aqqan ag inemguren nnedni deg ungal: (xzar tasekkilt).

Itmzvar blli Muhammed Buzeggu ismars (réussir) deg isemqaren d tislfas ig yucca I tinemgurin n ungal I nes “jar ujar”.

I semqaren a d tislfas a gursent attas n usdduggem, din min iqnen ar umezruy, din min iqnen a yedva.

U yeteemzar blli din attas d umtawi jar asussen umawal izawalen d ticniyyat d usussen amux dusint deg ungal. Asdduggem iksin inemguren a iqqen ar tusna d tadelsa tamazigt di ARIF.